A 1 kV Compensation-Free Three-Stage Inductive Voltage Divider with Integrated-Reference Self-Calibration

Electronic compensation networks used in high–accuracy inductive voltage dividers (IVDs) can introduce temperature– and aging–dependent drift sources, complicating long–term uncertainty evaluation. This paper presents a 1 kV, 10–tap, compensation–free three–stage IVD that combines multi–stage excitation, a closed shielded core, and equipotential coaxial–cable windings to suppress excitation, magnetic–coupling, and capacitive errors. An integrated reference winding is embedded in the third–stage coaxial–cable winding, enabling a simplified bootstrap self–calibration procedure without an additional auxiliary IVD. At 50 Hz, the calibrated ratio error and phase displacement are within 0.08 μV/V and 0.08 μrad, respectively, for all taps, with expanded uncertainties of 0.04 μV/V and 0.06 μrad. Wideband measurements up to 3 kHz further show that the proposed IVD can serve as a voltage–ratio reference for harmonic voltage measurement and calibration.