Pain catastrophizing and pain anxiety mediate changes in physical function in a mind–body intervention for adults with traumatic orthopedic injuries

Abstract

Traumatic orthopedic injuries are common and frequently associated with persistent pain, disability, and emotional distress. Risk factors of persistent pain and disability include pain catastrophizing and pain anxiety, though most interventions for orthopedic injuries are primarily biomedical (eg, surgeries, pharmacology, physiotherapy/exercise). The Toolkit for Optimal Recovery (TOR) is a brief, live video mind–body program designed to directly target pain catastrophizing and anxiety in patients with recent traumatic orthopedic injury to prevent persistent disability. This study was a secondary analysis from a recently completed multisite feasibility RCT of TOR compared with Minimally Enhanced Usual Care (MEUC). We examined the extent to which the purported mechanisms of change in TOR (ie, reductions in pain catastrophizing and anxiety) mediate improvement in physical function. Participants with a recent orthopedic trauma (N = 195; M _age = 44.01) recruited from 4 Level I trauma centers were randomized to TOR or MEUC and completed self-report surveys at baseline, postintervention, and follow-up (3 months after baseline). A multiple mediation analysis using multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) demonstrated that pain catastrophizing (b = −5.22, SE = 3.02, Bootstrapped 95% CIs = -0.04, -12.37) and pain anxiety (b = −8.45, SE = 3.59, Bootstrapped 95% CIs = -0.04, -12.37) each significantly mediated improvement in physical function. Overall, findings elucidate the mechanistic role of TOR's primary treatment targets (ie, reductions in pain catastrophizing and anxiety) in improving physical function. Findings highlight the importance of targeting pain catastrophizing and pain anxiety early after orthopedic injury through psychosocial interventions such as TOR.