Li-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicle Applications: An Overview of Accurate State of Charge/State of Health Estimation Methods

Road transport significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions in all places where it is used and therefore also in Europe, prompting the EU to set ambitious objectives for CO2 reduction. In order to reach these objectives, the automotive industry is transitioning to electric vehicles, utilizing electric powertrains powered by battery packs. However, the longevity and reliability of these batteries are critical concerns. This review paper focuses on the advanced diagnostic techniques for effective battery State of Charge (SoC) and State of Health (SoH) monitoring. Accurate SoC/SoH estimation is crucial for optimizing battery performance, avoiding premature degradation, and ensuring driver safety. By investigating these areas, this paper aims to contribute to the development of more sustainable and durable electric vehicles, supporting the transition to cleaner transportation systems.