Features of hydrocarbon liquid-based nanofluid under augmentation of parametric ranges in non-Darcy media

Transport properties of hydrocarbon liquid-based nanofluids in non-Darcy media have key significance in chemical, thermal and mechanical engineering. Therefore, the key focus of this research is to investigate the transport mechanism in nanofluid using Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) thermal conductivity model in non-Darcy media under squeezing and permeable effects. The functional fluid is a homogenous mixture of Cu and kerosene. The problem formation is carried out via nanofluid-enhanced properties and similarity rules. Then numerical scheme was endorsed for the results analysis under increasing physical ranges. It is observed that the velocity [Formula: see text] increased when the values of [Formula: see text] vary from 1.0 to 4.0. However, quick particles movement is noticed for [Formula: see text] for 1.0–4.0 and [Formula: see text]1.0 to [Formula: see text]4.0. Further, the thermal process in Cu/kerosene depreciates for [Formula: see text], 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, [Formula: see text], 4, 6, 8 and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]4.0, [Formula: see text]6.0, [Formula: see text]8.0, respectively. The stronger permeability of the lower plate highly reduced the fluid movement and depreciation in the movement can be optimized when the fluid sucks from the channel through the lower plate.