Comparison of the performance of cardiovascular risk prediction tools in rural India: The Rishi Valley Prospective Cohort Study
Mulugeta Molla Birhanu, Ayse Zengin, Roger G Evans, Rohina Joshi, Kartik Kalyanram, Kamakshi Kartik, Goodarz Danaei, Elizabeth Barr, Michaela A Riddell, Oduru Suresh, Velandai K Srikanth, Simin Arabshahi, Nihal Thomas, Amanda G Thrift- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
- Epidemiology
Abstract
Aim
We compared the performance of cardiovascular risk prediction tools in rural India.
Methods
We applied the World Health Organization Risk Score (WHO-RS) tools, Australian Risk Score (ARS), and Global risk (Globorisk) prediction tools to participants aged 40-74 years, without prior cardiovascular disease, in the Rishi Valley Prospective Cohort Study, Andhra Pradesh, India. Cardiovascular events during the 5-year follow-up period were identified by verbal autopsy (fatal events) or self-report (non-fatal events). The predictive performance of each tool was assessed by discrimination and calibration. Sensitivity and specificity of each tool for identifying high-risk individuals was assessed using a risk score cut-off of 10% alone, or this 10% cut-off plus clinical risk criteria of diabetes in those aged >60 years, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol.
Results
Among 2,333 participants (10,731 person-years of follow-up), 102 participants developed a cardiovascular event. The 5-year observed risk was 4.4% (95% CI: 3.6–5.3). The WHO-RS tools underestimated cardiovascular risk but the ARS overestimated risk, particularly in men. Both the laboratory-based (C-statistic: 0.68 and X2: 26.5, P=0.003) and non-laboratory-based (C-statistic: 0.69 and X2: 20.29, P=0.003) Globorisk tools showed relatively good discrimination and agreement. Addition of clinical criteria to a 10% risk score cut-off improved the diagnostic accuracy of all tools.
Conclusion
Cardiovascular risk prediction tools performed disparately in a setting of disadvantage in rural India, with the Globorisk performing best. Addition of clinical criteria to a 10% risk score cut-off aids assessment of risk of a cardiovascular event in rural India.